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The male averages slightly larger than the female. The northern cardinal is a mid-sized songbird with a body length of 21–23.5 cm (8.3–9.3 in) and a wingspan of 25–31 cm (9.8–12.2 in). The term "northern" in the common name refers to its range, as it is the northernmost cardinal species. The common name, as well as the scientific name, of the northern cardinal refers to the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church, who wear distinctive red robes and caps.

In 1983, the scientific name was changed again to Cardinalis cardinalis and the common name was changed to "northern cardinal", to avoid confusion with the several other species also termed cardinals. In 1918, the scientific name was changed to Richmondena cardinalis to honor Charles Wallace Richmond, an American ornithologist. In 1838, it was placed in the genus Cardinalis and given the scientific name Cardinalis virginianus, which means "Virginia cardinal". It was initially included in the genus Loxia (as Loxia cardinalis), which now contains only crossbills. The northern cardinal was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. The northern cardinal is one of three birds in the genus Cardinalis and is included in the family Cardinalidae, which is made up of passerine birds found in North and South America. It was once prized as a pet, but its sale as a cage bird was banned in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. A clutch of three to four eggs is laid, and two to four clutches are produced each year. During courtship, the male feeds seed to the female beak-to-beak. The male behaves territorially, marking out his territory with song. The northern cardinal is mainly granivorous, but also feeds on insects and fruit. The male is a vibrant red, while the female is a reddish olive color. It has a distinctive crest on the head and a mask on the face which is black in the male and gray in the female. The northern cardinal is a mid-sized songbird with a body length of 21–23 cm (8.3–9.1 in). Its habitat includes woodlands, gardens, shrublands, and wetlands. It is also an introduced species in a few locations such as Bermuda and Hawaii. It can be found in southeastern Canada, through the eastern United States from Maine to Minnesota to Texas, New Mexico, southern Arizona, southern California, and south through Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. Then the Wolf took him to a rock that had streaks of bright red paint running through it, and the little bird painted himself with it, and has ever since been a Redbird” - How the Redbird Got His Color.The northern cardinal ( Cardinalis cardinalis) is a bird in the genus Cardinalis it is also known colloquially as the redbird, common cardinal, red cardinal, or just cardinal (which was its name prior to 1985). The Wolf told his story and said, “If you will get my eyes open, I will show you where to find some nice red paint to paint yourself.” “All right,” said the brown bird so he pecked at the Wolf’s eyes until he got off all the plaster. “ Along came a little brown bird through the bushes and heard the Wolf crying and asked what was the matter. Red paint has sacred value in Native American culture and represents strength, combat, courage, resilience, and wellbeing.

Paint in Native American culture is the dye contained in rock formations and is dug out for warpaint, ceremonial and ornamental use. A brown cardinal helps the wolf undo his eyes in return for some red paint. In a nutshell, a raccoon plasters a wolf’s eyes shut with song. There is a Cherokee story that describes how the redbird got its color.